From Applied African Speculative Fiction: A Toolkit (Ping Press 2026).
Here are thirty reading experiments. Choose one or two, and try them on any story in this collection. Whichever experiment you choose, strive to be specific and detailed. And if you have the time, take your time.
Read the story, and arrange a discussion group. Ideally print it out and make notes by hand. Come prepared with three questions: one question about the plot, one question about the technology in the story, and one question about the way the story is told.
Just read it. Don’t try to ‘apply’ it to anything. Let it seep into you. Perhaps it will be back in some form, some day, perhaps not. Perhaps you will recognise it, perhaps not.
Box up the magic. Identify elements that you think are too fantastical ever to happen in the real world. Make a list of their narrative inputs and effects. Then rename each one ‘black box #1,’ ‘black box #2’ etc. A black box, in this context, is where we know the inputs and the outputs, but not what happens inside. Discuss these black boxes. Treat them as placeholders for events that cannot currently be foreseen or even properly imagined, but that really are possible.
What is governed in the story? Identify the forms of governance that take place. How might the story unfold under different governance arrangements?
What is evaluated in this story? Identify acts or processes of categorisation, evaluation, tagging, measurement, or similar. What would happen if these were different?
Draw the story as a diagram, or a series of diagrams. For example, use systems thinking to map the systems in the story. Identify key actors, institutions, infrastructures, resources, feedback loops, pressures, and points of breakdown or control. Think about how different parts of the story’s world interact, and how a change in one part of the system might ripple through the others.
Find an intervention point. If you wanted to change the world of this story without controlling everything, where would you intervene? Identify one plausible leverage point: a law, standard, subsidy, interface, procurement rule, bottleneck, union, dataset, piece of infrastructure, etc. Why there? (You could look up Donella Meadows’ leverage points for inspiration. Often, readers will jump to social norms, mindsets, paradigms, and education—if only people saw the world differently, they’d act differently! Maybe that is true, but worldviews are as resilient as the reflection of the moon – a temporary shattering has no lasting impact. Worldviews can be difficult to shift, and assuming otherwise can lead to mere wishful thinking. As a challenge, try not to make this your intervention point).
Reimagine this speculative fiction story as a different kind of speculative fiction story. Relocate it within a different storytelling tradition. This could involve switching modes of speculation. There are many types of speculative fiction. Some stories build counterfactual institutions in breathtaking detail. Some stories erase detail, like a corrosion cast, revealing the vascular system of reality.
Triangulate. Write down one thing that is true in the world of the story, but not the real world. Write down a corresponding thing that is true in the real world, but not the story’s world. You can do this just once, or several times. Then, for each pair, write down a third possibility—a place where both things are false (or both things are neither true nor false). Then begin to imagine that world.
Remove the fantastical elements. What is the rest of the story about? Could this show us what the story is ‘really’ about?
What’s on your mind? What’s in the news? What consultation is soon to close, or petition is gathering signatures, or open call for evidence has just appeared, or problem is plaguing your team? Choose a currently controversial topic within law or policy, or within your professional practice—however unrelated it may seem. Map out the main different positions on this controversy. Then use the story to inspire new positions, or new angles on the existing positions. Give yourself to responding in a loose, associative way. Treat the story like going for a walk, something you might do to clear your head, to gain a fresh perspective. Try to let it change your thinking, even if you can’t exactly explain how it did.
Read the story in a ‘paranoid’ way—try to uncover the ideological assumptions, especially those that are aligned with oppressive power (e.g. colonialism, extractivism, racism or patriarchy), even if the story opposes that oppression at a surface level. For this exercise, you are not very interested in the author’s intentions. What do linguistic and storytelling conventions make it easy to say, or hard to say? Who is visible and who isn’t, who acts and who doesn’t, who speaks and who is spoken for? What is treated as normal, natural, or inevitable? What is simplified, ignored, or left out? What associations do words carry, even if (or especially if) they are the obvious or natural way of expressing something? How does the story shape what seems plausible, possible, or desirable?
Read the story in a ‘reparative’ way—try to read in a way where you seek pleasure, and more pleasure, and are open to being surprised, in horrifying ways as well as intensely pleasurable ways. A reparative reading asks what you can take and use from a story, not just what it gets wrong. Pay attention to moments of care, curiosity, humour, or resilience. Be open to receiving gifts from the text—an image, a feeling, a question, a way of seeing—that you can carry forward into your own thinking or practice.
Can you read the story in a ‘reparanoiative’ way?—our invented word for an interpretation that is both paranoid and reparative.
Use wordplay to come up with meanings that almost definitely were not intended by the author. “‘Every Centre is an Ant”’: perhaps every Centaur is an ANT? Centaur: half horse, half human, or more metaphorically, a human-AI hybrid workflow in which a person and an AI system collaborate, combining human judgment with machine speed or pattern recognition (see also Cory Doctorow on ‘reverse centaurs’). Actor-Network Theory (ANT): an approach from Science and Technology Studies that treats humans and non-humans (e.g. AI systems, data sets, institutions) as actors in networks, where outcomes emerge from their relationships rather than any single agent.
How could we make events in this story actually happen? If there are things that are impossible, what is the closest possible thing we could substitute? Stretch goal: actually do it.
Situate the story in relation to Africanfuturism and solarpunk. How does it contribute to, extend, challenge, undermine, or subvert either or both of these?
Read the story together with some theory. For example, read the story through the lens of Afropessimism (Frank B. Wilderson III, Jared Sexton, Saidiya Hartman), necropolitics (Achille Mbembe), postcolonial epistemology (Valentin-Yves Mudimbe, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyěwùmí), world systems theory (Samir Amin), Black fugitivity (Fred Moten), convivial technology and decomputing (Ivan Illich and Dan McQuillan), pluriversal politics (Arturo Escobar), or something else. What doesn’t quite fit? What would have to shift in the theory itself—its assumptions, its scale and scope, its priorities and vibes—for the theory to fully account for the story? Often the best encounters between a story and a theory are two-way: the theory doesn’t just explain the story. Instead, you end up seeing both the story and the theory differently, perhaps inventing new theories and telling new stories.
Generate opposing viewpoints, and then go beyond them. Do some research, and find two philosophers, scholars, theorists, or just clever or wise people you know, who would take different views on some aspect of the story. Discuss it. Then, instead of assuming the best answer is ‘somewhere in the middle,’ try this next step. Choose the less wrong perspective, and ask what it would mean to radicalise it.
Conduct a kind of immanent critique of the story. Read the story ‘against’ itself. Use the story itself to generate some kind of criteria or standard against which to evaluate the story.
Fork the story. Identify a key decision somewhere in the story, ideally near the middle. What would happen if a different decision had been made?
Explore the lacunae. Look for the gaps and silences. Look for what’s missing. For example, choose one institution, technology, or social arrangement in the story. List the hidden assumptions, practices, infrastructures, or other factors that make it possible. And/or identify the absent stakeholders: who is affected but not represented in the story’s visible decision-making? And/or pick one object, service, or technological system in the story and trace what must sit behind it, e.g. materials, labour, logistics, waste, energy, land, data, standards, finance, communication, shared understandings, social and cultural practices.
Stress-test the solutions. Find a moment where something is solved. It could be a big problem or a small one. Think about what could go wrong.
Translate the story into a policy memo, and observe what gets lost. Summarise the story as if briefing a policy audience (or some other audience, e.g. innovation lab, campaign group, regulator). What did that format encourage you to omit (or to add)?
Use backcasting. If the story is set in the future, imagine what was happening a couple years earlier. And then a few more years earlier. And then even earlier, all the way to the present. Try to draw a plausible pathway from where we are now, to the world of the story.
Write a risk assessment for some aspect of the story.
Put yourself in the story as a researcher. Write a grant proposal, seeking funding to research something.
Map the story’s economy. What was paid for, during the story or before the story began? How was it paid for, who bore the cost, and what forms did payment take?
Brainstorm as many interpretations as you can (see “Burning Down the Solarpunk Data Centre”). Then ask: Which of these says the most interesting things about the story? Which of these says the most interesting things about the world we live in? Which of these says the most interesting things about the future? Choose one interpretation, and develop it further.
How do we go beyond merely imagining? What keeps "alternative" approaches as merely alternatives? Might imagining alternatives sometimes help to prop up the status quo? Read the story, and explore what you (or others you care about) oppose, resist, want to abolish or to imagine differently. Then discuss how our identities can be bound up in what we define ourselves against. The thing we oppose is often also the thing that organises us. Is there a voice inside you that says: What would I be without this struggle? How does it show up? (See “Burning Down the Solarpunk Data Centre.” Do we sometimes wish for Memory Boxes, just so we can burn them down?). You could also go beyond the psychological, and think about the economic and institutional. In what ways is it sometimes in our interests to not achieve the things we want to achieve? Perhaps to make progress, but never quite arrive? Can we change all this?
